As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. J. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Plutarch, writing much . Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Revised on November 11, 2022. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. sulla primary sources. He was, however, defeated. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Guide. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. . [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. be determined. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. He could acknowledge the law as valid. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Websites. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city.
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